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Saiden 17 conducted research on employees working at an outbound call centre in a retail organisation in the Western Cape. The results indicated that there was a significant relationship between emotional labour and intention to leave the organisation. Need of the Study Due to the technology advancement and global competition the electronic gadgets, mobiles, air and water pollutions have increased the diseases like cancer, Hepatitis A, B, C, AIDS, brain hemrage, strokes etc.

Doctors, nurses are doing the hard jobs in the hospitals to meet the requirements of the patients. Hospital sector has been chosen for the study as medical staff give the new life to the patients. To meet all these requirements of the society the doctors, nurses, paramedical staff go through the process of emotional labour to conceal their real feelings to deliver the best possible services in hospital sector. Doing this emotional labour at the work the doctors, nurses and paramedical staff have to undergo through emotional exhaustion which leads to conflicts and home and this vicious circle starts developing syndrome of burnout and job dissatisfaction.

In the present study, the researcher is to learn whether there is any influence of emotional labour on job satisfactions. This study is an attempt to provide insights to manage emotions and improve job satisfaction. Objectives of the Study The main objectives of the study are as follows: 1. To study the level of emotional labour and job satisfaction of nurses in selected public and private hospitals of Punjab. To examine the relationship of emotional labour and job satisfaction with demographic variables of nurses marital status, age, experience in selected public and private hospitals of Punjab.

To find out the influence of emotional labour on job satisfaction of nurses in selected public and private hospitals of Punjab. Hypothesis of the Study H1a There is no significant difference in the level of emotional labour and job satisfaction of nurses in selected public and private hospitals of Punjab. H2a There is no difference in emotional labour and job satisfaction for married and unmarried nurses of selected public and private hospitals of Punjab.

H2c There is no difference in emotional labour and job satisfaction among different age groups of nurses in selected public and private hospitals of Punjab.

H2d There is no difference in emotional labour and job satisfaction among different experience levels of nurses in selected public and private hospitals of Punjab. H3 There is no significant influence of emotional labour on job satisfaction among the nurses in selected public and private hospitals of Punjab.

Research Methodology 6. This study is covering two dimensions i. Emotional labour comprises four dimensions surface acting, deep acting, emotional consonance and suppression and job satisfaction comprises five dimensions personal, working conditions, social status, administration, monetary benefits.

In addition, demographic variables age, gender, marital status, designation, and total work experience have been examined. The total population is nurses of six public and six private hospitals in Punjab with bed capacity or more than beds. In the sample, nurses are from public hospitals from private hospitals. Section-B: Emotional labour questionnaire, Job satisfaction questionnaire. The scale is a multidimensional scale consisting subscales surface acting, deep acing, emotional consonance and suppression.

Responses are obtained on five point Likert scale. The reliability of the scale was. Job satisfaction was developed by S. Anand and P. This scale was named as Placement Scale which consists of 60 items. It measures the job satisfaction of teachers, lecturers, engineers, doctors and bank officers.

The scale has five dimensions personal, working conditions, social status, administration and monetary benefits. The responses are taken on five point Likert scale. The reliability of job satisfaction scale was. Results and Discussion This section presents the frequency distributions of demographic variables of nurses of hospitals. Table 1: Demographic Variables Hospital-wise Groups Public Private Total 70 52 Age 38 37 75 16 14 30 45 and above 23 20 43 Total Unmarried Marital Status Married 94 Total 5.

Also shown are inter-correlations between emotional labour, the four strain outcomes surface acting ,deep acting, emotional consonance ,suppression and job satisfaction personal, working conditions, social status, administration and monetary benefits. Significant positive associations were observed between surface acting and other dimensions of emotional labour.

Correlation of surface acting with deep acting is -. The correlation between surface acting and deep acting and emotional consonance is negative which proves that when the person is doing surface acting then he is just pretending to show the required emotions to the patients, sympathizing with the patient and his relatives but he is not actually feeling them that is the reason that the scores of deep acting are negatively related with surface acting.

Similarly the suppression is positively correlated with surface acting because while doing the surface acting one has to suppress the emotions that are not appropriate to the situation. Surface acting is negatively correlated with all the dimensions of the job satisfaction which indicates that as the surface acting increases job satisfaction decreases. The reason can be this that when person is putting a show at work and pretending the false emotions while doing the surface acting he has to do hard work to show the real feelings and has to make an effort to actually feel the emotions that he needs to display toward others and also.

While doing the surface acting and deep acting one has to hide the anger, disgust and inner feelings. This is because of the fact in surface acting when person is pretending the emotions as required for the job; he is feeling that that every day they have to deal with sick and difficult patients.

I have no job satisfaction in my profession. Deep acting is positively correlated with the dimensions of job satisfaction. Suppression has a very low correlation with surface acting, deep acting, emotional consonance this is due to the fact that in surface acting it is the management of emotions, in deep acting it is expression of true feeling and in emotional consonance it is expression of the positive emotions easily and effectively but in suppression it is hiding of the negative emotions.

The correlation between emotional labour and job satisfaction as in other studies like Puglisi Emotional labor increases perceptions of job stress, decreases satisfaction, and increases distress. Self-focused emotion management has the most pervasive and detrimental impacts.

There is little evidence of interaction effects of work conditions and emotional labor. The staff of public hospitals is doing more surface acting than the public hospitals. On the dimension surface acting mean value of public hospital 3. There is no significant difference on the other dimensions between public and private hospital nurses. In job satisfaction dimensions all other dimensions has no significant difference except the monetary benefits.

The public hospital nurses are more satisfied with their monetary benefits than the public hospital nurses. All other dimensions like personal, working conditions social status and administration indicates that in the same type of situation are both types of hospitals. From the above discussion we can conclude that medical profession noble profession in which medical staff has to take care of their patients does not matter the type of hospitals. The married nurses are doing more surface acting than unmarried nurses.

Married nurses are having significant differences on the dimensions working conditions and monetary benefits of job satisfaction. Married nurses are more satisfied with the working conditions than the unmarried nurses while as on the dimension monetary benefits the unmarried nurses are more satisfied than the unmarried nurses. For the all other dimensions of job satisfaction personal, social status and administration there are insignificant differences. Surface acting 1. Since the deep acting relates to the working hard to show the appropriate emotions to the patients so it increases as the age increases while as the other dimensions is just the pretending of emotions, faking a good mood and hiding the anger and disgust on which the age does not play significant role.

On the job satisfaction side there are insignificant differences on the dimensions working conditions, social status, administration and monetary benefits, but significant difference on personal. It is evident that the age groups and are doing the most of deep acting followed by the lower age groups.

The reason behind this difference is that the upper age group has learnt the negative consequences of surface acting and suppression with their experience and they are engrossed in the profession completely.

As far as the personal dimension of job satisfaction is concerned the upper age group is more concerned with their attitude towards their profession as compared with the entry age group ANOVA test was used to determine differences in means for the job satisfaction by marital status. Besides, the effect of gender on the job satisfaction was analyzed by t-test but no significant differences were found in job satisfaction between women and men academicians.

Surface acting. For the factors on work and equipments, the level of satisfaction is quite low for the young medical officer and the level of satisfaction is quite high for the medical officers who are 41 and above. The job satisfaction has a positive correlation and significant with work motivation, work involvement commitment and work performance. In step 2 , surface acting was entered with emotional consonance and R 2value was improved from Conclusion From the above analysis, it is observed that the level of emotional labour is low in medical staff working in hospitals of Punjab.

In private hospitals this level is significantly high than public hospitals which is supported by the study in which the strength of emotional labor of nurses was similar for all participants in spite of differences in age, position, and clinical career. Total score for emotional labor was 3.

Bila, Emotional labour dimensions surface acting, deep acting, emotional consonance, suppression were negatively correlated with the dimensions of job satisfaction i. Probability obtained is 0. So the hypothesis, there is a significant relation between pay and job satisfaction is accepted.

This means that the more frequently adventure tour leaders applied deep acting as an emotional labour strategy on the job, the more satisfied they were with their job. Medical staff in private hospitals was more satisfied than public hospitals contrary to the findings of study conducted by Abushaikhaand and Saca-Hazboun 25 found that nurses working in the private hospitals of PALESTIN reported moderate levels of both job satisfaction and burnout. Tolich 26 indicates that while some forms of emotional labor can be tiring, they can also be rewarding.

It may be that for Greek doctors and nurses repressing negative emotions e. The adjusted R square is. This indicates that emotional labour accounts for only Job satisfaction is affected by several factors other than emotional labour. Further, a large percentage of employees who were emotionally exhausted were still satisfied with their jobs and enthusiastic about it. Matur et al. T-test was applied to measure the difference in the emotional labor of doctors and nurses. The t-value 1.

In our study it was found that there was a significant difference among designation as far emotional labour is concerned. Nurses do more emotional labour than the doctors. Ghazali et al. Main factors contributing towards job satisfaction were designation and working environment whereas service structure turned out to be the source of dissatisfaction. Most of the doctors in all ranks and with different qualifications were not found satisfied with their job due to lack of proper service structure and low salaries.

Our study gives contradictory results in comparison to this study as there was high job satisfaction among the medical staff although the public hospital staff complains about the working conditions only. Our study also found that the private hospitals were doing more emotional labour than public hospitals which is supported by comparative study of public and private sector banks by Kumar et al. So, it can be concluded that the more emotional labor adversely affects perceived health outcomes.

On the other hand it was also found that the private sector bank executives perform more emotional labor as compared to public sector banks.

Therefore, it can also be concluded that private sector executives perform more emotional labor as compared to public sector bank executives. Sijuwade and White 32 Males had lower job satisfaction Social workers in private practice had higher Job tenure effects job satisfaction in a curvilinear fashion.

Social workers who were in present position for two years or less had a mean of Job satisfaction was more in private hospitals,the upper age groups and experienced staff but no job satisfcation differences between gender and marital status which is oopposite to the findings of Sharma et al.

On depersonalization, females are significantly higher to that of males, means being 9. It is clear from our study that the persons who are doing less emotional labour they are having job satisfaction as compared to those who do hard emotional labour and are less satisfied as Brotheridge and Grandey 34 suggests that fulfilling the emotional demands of teaching might boost feelings of competence and satisfaction with achievement.

It should be noted, however, that the relationship between emotional labour and personal accomplishment was not robust and the strong negative associations observed with job satisfaction contradicts this argument. Recommendations To improve the noble profession and to elevate the existing standard up to global standard following suggestion are made.

The pay of nurses of public hospitals should be revised and indexed in conformity with galloping inflationary trends. The working conditions of the public hospital staff should be made compatible with private hospital staff. There should be regular and sufficient recruitment of nurses this will reduce their burden of duty, which will also reduce a patent source of job dissatisfaction. The working conditions and hygienic condition should be standardized, especially of public hospitals.

Nurses should be facilitated by posting then at their native station, or comparatively near stations to their homes. If possible and their livelihood should be made compatible by providing fringe benefits like, residence, concession in travelling and utility charges especially to the nurses of the public hospital. Seminars and workshops should be conducted for nurses for making a emotional bond with patients. Techniques for showing appropriate emotions at right place and right time should be taught.

Limitations and Future Scope This study focused on the effects of surface acting and deep acting on the job satisfaction of public and private hospitals and it also recognized that a variety of other factors could have an impact on job satisfaction, which could be incorporated into future studies.

This was not considered in detail in this study. Hence, future research could benefit from the inclusion of genuine emotion display as a factor to consider when examining the relationships between emotional labour and job satisfaction of public and private hospitals. As pointed out by Humphrey, Pollack, and Hawver 36 , leading with emotional labour is a fruitful topic where more research could prove to be beneficial to workers as well as employers.

References [1] Hochschild, A. The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Journal of Social Science Researches, 7 1 , Divisions of emotional labour: disclosure and cancer. In: Fineman, S. Ed Emotion in Organisations. London: Sage. And Feldman, D. Service with smile: A human resources perspective of Emotional Labour.

Labuan e-Journal of Muamalat and society, 4, [8] Gupta, B. And Mishra, S. Factors influencing job satisfaction of banking sector employees in Chennai, India. Journal of Law and Conflict Resolution, 3 5 , The affective consequences of service work: Managing emotions on the job. Work and Occupations, 20 2 , — The consequences of emotional labour: Effects on work stress, job satisfaction, and well-being.

Motivation and Emotion, 23 2 , — [16] Dick, A. The effect of stress, burnout, emotional labour on intention to leave amongst call centre employees, mini thesis in the department of industrial psychology at university of western cape.

Sex differences in job satisfaction revisited. Acadamy Management Journal, 26 2 , Job satisfaction of academic staff: an empirical study on Turkey. Quality Assurance in Education, 19 2 , Emotional labour and job satisfaction of adventure tour leaders: Does gender matter?.

Annals of Leisure Research, 14 4 , Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 22, Emotional labor: Links to work attitudes and emotional exhaustion. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 24 8 , And Sarvate, S. Indian Journal of Social Science Researches, 7 1 , And White, B. And Grandey, A. Emotional labor in service roles: The influence of identity. Advent of technology has really pushed the scope of marketing communication beyond perceivable limits and creativity has taken the front seat in utilizing the modern techniques and e-marketing has been now much more feasible with support of technology and opened up plethora of opportunities for marketers.

Introduction Role of marketing is to stimulate response from prospect. Various approaches are constantly deployed by marketers to engage prospects and serve their needs in superior way. The approaches on which marketers depend vary depending upon product characteristics, market characteristics and consumer characteristics.

Usually marketers find it difficult to engage all the prospects with common appeal. Marketing communication has focal role in engaging consumers and building their attitude towards offered products and services. Marketing communication is designing and delivering message related to market offering by a marketer with an intention to solicit response.

Numerous tools and techniques has been identified and deployed by marketers for marketing communication. Role of E-Marketing Technology has not only made job of marketing easy but also has better acceptability among consumers. Consumers are bombarded with tons of communication and information mainly travelling through electronic media such as internet and satellite television.

It seems that consumers are information overloaded and fail to process the huge quantity of information that they receive continuously for any meaningful purposes.

This also implies that much of e- marketing initiatives and efforts go wasted without serving any purpose. In an era where every rupee spends on marketing is under scanner for returns it is important to justify the cost of e- marketing and its ability to engage consumers and prospects. Further technology supported marketing may be frustrating to consumers because of their limited ability to handle unsolicited information and interaction that they receive. Non-personal marketing communications may also alienate consumers that may affect consumer based brand equity negatively.

Future of E-Marketing In a study it has been found that internet strategy has a significant positive impact on marketing effectiveness and e-marketing could bring sizable benefits to the firm. Further these benefits could be enjoyed by large number of organizations as general IT competencies and knowledge acquisition capabilities are not limiting factors for most organizations for harnessing the benefits of internet strategy-marketing effectiveness relationships.

With improvement of internet penetration in semi urban and rural areas and growing popularity on mobile internet due to open source technology and cheap mobile hardware it is not a faulty presumption that e-contents will be the major propagators of marketing communication across the segments how so ever creatively they are identified. Since e-marketing is here to stay for the long term and will grow in both frequency and volume it is worth to understand associated challenges and possible remedies.

Especially email based communication has become so popular among marketers that problems and challenges appear to be so small against potential opportunities. Let us examine few challenges associated with e-marketing. Here are some of the issues that are expected to affect the future of e- marketing: 1. Information overload or Overlook Syndrome: Consumers will find it difficult to see and go through huge quantity of commercial information send to them.

Perhaps due to stereotype effect they may develop immunity and overlook to all unsolicited messages irrespective of source and relevance. Spam filters and Anti-Spam Laws: Consumers will raise voice against e- marketing communications and will resort to tools that could ease out the informational overload.

There will be pressure on government to carve tougher and more restrictive legal provisions on e-mail marketing. Anti-spam technology will improve and many well-intentioned, spam-free e-mails will get clogged in spam filters.

Cost advantage may diminish: The cost for developing and sending e-marketing initiatives will increase and it may not be a truly low-cost option. Consumers will become smarter, more spam savvy, and may integrate with other technology, significantly changing how we communicate and how effective e- marketing may be. Reduce scope of prospecting: Since consumers and potential prospects will actively seek measures to avoid e-marketing communication, it will be difficult for marketers to utilise e- marketing tools for fruitful prospecting.

However e-marketing initiatives will compliment relationship marketing. Relationship-based e- marketing will become reality, where a one-on- one relationship exists between e-mail marketers and their subscribers dictating frequency, timing, and content.

Surrogate e-marketing permission will diminish: The most common practice of e-marketers is taking permission to include prospects in their e-marketing campaigns is through taking permission while prospects are engaged in any online activity and requires to fill up routine mandatory forms to start or continue that online activity. At times the consumer is not even aware of extending such permission. When messages and informations reach to them they treat such messages and information as unsolicited and discard them.

Hence it is expected that such pseudo-permission-based e-marketing will cease to exist and be replaced by a system which eliminates or blocks all online messages from e- marketers which are not specifically subscribed to, eliminating the questionable practices of disguised selling lists or signing up for one list and finding yourself on a dozen others consumers never wanted to receive.

Techniques of E-Marketing It is important for e-marketers to know about various popular e-marketing techniques that could help them to overcome above mentioned challenges. Let us explain few common e- marking tools in following section.

Interactive Marketing is one to one marketing process that responses and changes based on the actions of individual customers and prospects. This ability to react to the actions of customers and prospects means that trigger based marketing is dramatically more effective than normal direct marketing.

Internet has become an important medium to execute interactive marketing activities. The ability to remember what the customer has said is made easier when we can collect customer information online and we can communicate with our customer more easily using the speed of the internet e-stores such as Amazon.

Content curation is the process of discovering, gathering, and presenting content surrounding a specific topic digitally. Content curation can be presented in different formats including RSS feeds, blog links, social media newsfeeds and online news mashups or digital magazines. We all know that the internet is abounding with content, so much so that it can often be difficult to keep up, hence so many of us depend on successful content curation.

Good content curation will include only the best and most relevant information because it helps a user sail through the information overload that they are faced with on a daily basis. Content curtain can be creatively used by e-marketers. Content curation and aggregations are causing major changes to the publishing industry and other such businesses can take advantage of this. Think of content curation as a way to supplement, complement and expand your original content. By compiling the best information out there around specific industry and creating a news hub one can gain expertise that people come back to for the most up-to-date information.

Content curation also has an added benefit in terms of managing own search engine marketing. E-mail marketing is a tool in your overall online and offline marketing portfolio. E-mail marketing allows disseminating information about your company, products, or services to thousands of recipients with the click of a mouse key.

To be fair, if one want a successful and spam-free campaign, it does take some planning, design, and organization to ensure that e- mail marketing campaign is optimized for success. If you have a personal computer and checkyour e-mail, then you are already familiar with e-mail marketing, since you most likely get it multiple times per day, often unsolicited and unwanted.

Search Engine Optimizationand website Optimizationensures that marketers brand and company surely is the part of listing whenever a search with relevant keywords is made. Optimizing search engine increases visibility to prospects that are information search stage of buying process, hence chances of getting entry in evoked set of brands is high.

Building a well- planned and nicely designed website is first step towards integrating SEO and e-marketing. Marketing websites must be designed based on online architectural design principles, carefully combining information delivery and intuitive navigation to satisfy the visitor’s needs.

Campaign Management is necessary for ensuring appropriate return on investment made on campaign actions on web mainly because of raising need for cost justification. Targeted delivery and interactive engagement of prospects are key expectations from an online campaign.

E- marketing Campaign must involve viewers action such as of quiz-to-win where a prospects needs to answer a question that is element of the campaign to earn rewards in cash or kind. Online PR involves strategic development of expert articles, online press releases, online free consultancy and event participation that puts company and brand name out there where it matters most, ensuring that more journalists, reporters, and industry insiders know who your company is and what you do.

Lead referrals. A proper measure of above mention parameters will help to revise and stream line e-marking activities to achieve the goals efficiently. Conclusion E-marketing is one of the most quickly growing components of all marketing activities around the world. Companies are slowly but surely understanding that it would be fatal for them being not an active part of web world. Managers of e-marketing must understand that piecemeal efforts and website launches will not serve the purpose; time has come where every company must develop an integrated strategic e-marketing plan coordinated with offline marketing.

They must also use team of professional for conducting e-marketing initiatives as non-professional or individuals cannot bring success. Companies must also ensure to allocate sufficient budget for e-marketing and wait patiently for results without expecting overnight wonders.

In nut shell e-marketing is present and future of marketing and marketers must thoroughly learn and rehearse the game. References 1. Logistics Information Management, , Vol. Brown, Bruce c. Chaturvedi Ramesh and Chaterjee A. Duggan, M. Chang, K. Chen, L. European Management Journal, , Vol. Hoffman, D. Journal of Marketing, , KaveriSubrahmanyam, Stephanie M. Kyriazopoulos, P. Ratnasingam, P. Pavlou, P. Weiber, R. Stock Broking companies perform an important role in the capital market by facilitating trades for all categories of investors.

One of the key successful factors for the rapid growth of Indian Securities market is market intermediation: Its scope, reach and quality. This paper examines the recent trends and changing dynamics of Brokerage Industry in India. Various issues like ownership structure of Stock Brokers, market share of top ten brokers and compliance related issues. From this study it was observed that Indian stock broking companies have diversified into fee based capital market related businesses like investment banking, private equity and asset management.

The brokerage industry is also witnessing consolidations. The share price performance of leading listed stock broking firms declined when compared with their 52 week high prices. Majority of stock broking companies are focusing on value-added services. Over the last two decades, the Indian Capital Market has undergone significant changes, reflecting the increasing role of the private sector and the increasing globalization and integration of international financial activity.

The process of trading securities has evolved over the years from informal dealing on the stock exchange floor to the most sophisticated screen based trading systems that is seen today. As the capital market developed so too did the scope, quality and penetration of intermediation services offered by securities brokers. These include trading in exchange-listed and permitted instruments, offering investment advice, and providing depository services.

Some qualified stock broking firms also participate in underwriting of new securities issues. But this number grew in accordance with the growth in activity in the stock market. Stock broking services are mow fairly widely dispersed throughout the country. Literature Review Several studies relating to stock broking industry in India have been reviewed to understand the research gap and the methodology adopted by earlier researchers. It lists retail brokerage as key segment in capital market infra structure with more than brokers in addition to over sub-brokers registered with SEBI.

For the brokerage industry, this move has the potential to alter business dynamics, as brokerage yield is likely to narrow and retaining clients will be increasingly challenging. The researcher concludes that product differentiation is more typical of the present day financial services industry and also low entry barriers have led to mushroom growth of industry.

Convenience sampling is used on respondents and the researchers employed statistical tools of descriptive analysis, chi-square analysis and factor analysis. The researchers concluded that stock brokers have to develop with the clients, a relationship which is based on the trust and guidance to create a confidence to trade in the stock market.

Objectives of the Study 1. To trace the evolution and growth of stock broking industry in India 2. To study the market share of top ten stock brokers in India 3.

To analyse the share price performance of leading listed stock broking firms in India 4. This situation resulted in setting up of a number of joint stock companies that issued securities to raise finance. According to historical records, as early as , there were about brokers. The following table illustrates the no of brokers and sub-brokers in the two national level exchanges.

Share of top ten brokers in annual cash market turnover in at NSE was According to SEBI annual report , at NSE contribution in annual cash market turnover in reveals that proprietary trades, domestic institutions excluding mutual funds , FIIs and mutual funds contributed Increased participation of foreign capital market intermediaries in India has intensified competition in the brokerage industry.

At the NSE, the cash market segment share of top members was at The table shows only the listed stock broking firms. Due to highly competitive environment and the change in trading pattern, the combined broking yields are declining. Some of the larger brokerage houses have reasonably well diversified revenue streams but remain vulnerable to capital market environment. There is huge market potential as the equities as an investment avenue amongst Indian investor community is under penetrated.

The Indian investor is also displaying increased interest in market segments like commodities, currency futures, and interest rate derivatives. Some of the challenges Indian brokerage industry is facing are protecting brokerage yields and market share in the highly competitive and fragmented industry which is further influenced by the rising share of the low yielding options segment. There is also huge compliance cost involved in the brokerage industry.

Other challenges include the continued investment in upgrading the risk management systems and monitoring policies to mitigate associated risks, especially during periods of extreme market volatility. Conclusion This paper draws the following conclusions regarding the equity brokerage industry. Increasing corporatization of member-brokers: The member-brokers in stock exchanges increasingly prefer corporate form of ownership. Wider product offerings: The product offerings of brokerage firms not only include trading of equities, but also commodities, ETFs, MF distribution and insurance, housing loans, PMS etc.

Business volume mix is tilting in favor of options. Large brokers are surviving due to automated trading in stock broking industry.

The brokerage houses are expanding mainly by the franchise route. This increases the operational and reputational risk for the brokers and caution is warranted in this type of expansion. Anand Rathi. Mumbai: www. Growing Interest in Algorithmic Trading. Ghalla Bhansali Stock Brokers Pvt. Breaking into Broking. Mumbai: Gallabhansali. Goswami, C.

Mumbai: ICRA. India Brand Equity Foundation. Scarlett, B. RMIT Business , Xavier Institute of Management Studies, St. It may be also being appropriately referred to as performance evaluation, performance reviewed and performance assessment. At all times the focus should be on the performance and not on personality characteristics of the individual being evaluated. This article studies in depth knowledge of organizational performance appraisal. Introduction Organizational politics is an important determinant in the pay systems based on performance evaluation as both supervisors and subordinates have a possibility to affect the results of the appraisal process.

Sometimes supervisors might be tempted to manipulate ratings in order to influence the behavior of their subordinates or, even to affect their own position in the organization. The main characteristics of organization politics are the readiness of people to use power in their efforts to influence others and secure their own interests or, alternatively, avoid negative outcomes within the organization.

Organization politics is usually described as a self-serving behavior which seeks to achieve self-interests, advantages and benefits at the expense of others. Many experts and researchers have stated that political behavior is a natural part of the performance appraisal process. For example, Murphy and Cleveland pointed out that it may be irrational to give accurate ratings if they are about to hurt the manager.

In situations like this it is easier to follow one’s own motivates and manipulate ratings. Also Longenecker, Sims and Gioia very openly brought up that it is only human to consider the impacts of one’s ratings. Since managers need to live with their decisions, it would be even hurtful not to think what will happen after each rating. Furthermore, Longenecker and associates found out that the supervisors, who seem to continuously manipulate the ratings, don’t usually admit that their behavior is in any way political.

Quite contradictory, they consider manipulation as a part of good management and define all kind of organization politics as a tool which helps them to balance effectiveness and survival. The results indicate that the respondents have perceived rather considerable amount of politics at their organization. Furthermore, employees in the case organization have experienced also some political behavior during their performance appraisals. The results also indicate that there is a correlation between the general political climate and perceived political considerations in performance appraisals.

Defining the Study Issues There is some confusion concerning the proximate terms which are often represented together when organizational politics is discussed. The most commonly used and definitely one of the most important synonymous is power. It has been widely recognized see e. Vigoda that both politics and power are significant part of human behavior as they affect the ability to secure one’s goals and interests in a social system.

Organizational politics is usually related with the situation such as power struggles, conflicts over the sources of power and possibilities to influence Vigoda , 9. Furthermore, organizational politics is quite contextual and perceived differently by different persons, thus it can be understood also as a state of mind.

Conflicts can exist as well as power can be exercised, but this may not be defined as political by some organizational members. While others may define some routine bureaucratic procedure as intensely political, others interpret it as a simply bureaucratic procedure, per se. According to Gandz and Murrays’s research, generally the politic was considered as bad, unfair, unnecessary and unhealthy. On the other hand, organizational politics as a social process can have functional as well as dysfunctional consequences, and might inflict harm or be helpful for the workers.

On the other hand, loss of strategic power and negative feelings towards others represent the negative outcomes of organizational politics. Nonetheless, political behavior is essential if person wants to be a good employee and succeed in the organization. Vigoda , Performance appraisal system, when operating as the organization designed and intended it, has inherent power. In such system, raters evaluate employees accurately; identifying each employee’s strengths and weaknesses and distinguishing among the good and poor employees.

Thus, the political perspective is emerged as an important and pervasive issue affecting the habit how managers evaluate their subordinates. Organizations that are characterized by climates of mistrust, threat, defensiveness, low support, and poor communication are very difficult ones in which to do the performance appraisal effectively.

The objectives the study can be described as research questions as follows: RQ1: To what extent organizational politics are perceived to exist in the case organization?

RQ2: Is general organizational politics correlated to perceived political considerations in performance appraisal process? Materials and Methods The used data was gathered by survey questionnaire from one Finnish government agency shortly after their annual performance appraisals were conducted. The survey investigated employees’ attitudes towards performance appraisal and performance based pay system in general.

All together questionnaire were sent by mail to the organization’s contact person who delivered them to the employees. The total response rate was This original scale includes twelve items which are used to describe 1 general political behavior, 2 political behavior to “get ahead”, and 3 ambiguity in pay and promotion policies and rules Fields , However, in this study only the items measuring general political behavior were used in order to distinguish it from any other kind of politically colored behavior.

Furthermore, in order to tap the political behavior within performance appraisal, the scale designed by Tziner, Latham, Price and Haccoun was used Political Considerations in Performance Appraisal Questionnaire. The respondent’s perceptions of organizational politics will be described as means. The relation between general political behavior and perceived political considerations in performance appraisal process will be tested by Pearson’s correlation and linear regression analysis.

Results and Implications The results indicate that the respondents have perceived rather considerable amount of politics at their organization. For example, employees believe that in their department has always been an influential group that no one ever crosses.

Moreover, according to the respondents some people seems to always get things their way because no one wants to challenge them. The respondents also seem to believe that favoritism rather than merit determines who gets ahead within the organization.

Respondents also stated that they have seen changes made in policies that only serve the purposes of a few individuals, not the work unit or the organization. Employees in the case organization have experienced also some political behavior during the performance appraisals. Especially they seem to believe that supervisors’ appraisals are reflected by personal liking or disliking of employees.

Moreover, according to the respondents the appraisals are affected by the extent of sharing the same basic values with the rater as well as employees’ ability to inspire enthusiasm in the supervisors who appraises their performance.

According to the Pearson’s correlations the overall political climate seems to correlate especially with the items measuring how the relationship between the rater and ratee steers the performance appraisal discussions. The regression analysis points into same direction. The results indicate that the social context is a determinant factor within performance appraisals.

Especially personal liking or disliking is believed to steer performance appraisals. These observations strengthen the results of previous studies concerning political considerations within performance appraisals.

Performance appraisals are very sensitive situation were political behavior is believed to be a significant element. However, it is very difficult to have effective performance appraisals when supervisor-subordinate relationships are not supportive of appraisal processes.

Drory, A. Journal of Organizational Behavior. Gandz, J. The Academy of Management Journal, 23 2. Heneman, H. Pay satisfaction. Its multidimensional nature and measurement. International Journal of Psychology, Vol. Kackmar, K. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 51, Lawler, E. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Longenecker, C. Murphy, K. Tziner, A. C, Haccoun, R.

Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. Vigoda, E. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 57, To conclude the trends, it is evident that future decades will force companies to change their marketing strategies and their tactics quite radically. The trends which are described in the paper will alter the business environment totally.

Based on intensive desk research, present study attempts to summarise those trends most likely to characterise the business environment during the coming years and which will have an important impact on corporate activity. These significant developments are envisaged as follows: a. Global warming: the emergence of social and societal marketing b. The after-effects of the global recession: changes in buying behaviour c. A power-shift in the world economy: the rise of the cultural dimension of international marketing d.

Demographic trends affecting marketing in the coming years e. The trend towards proliferation f. The increasing rate of technological development and its effects on marketing. The methodology of this paper was to collect published observations of different fields of science, such as the natural sciences, technology, demography, political sciences, human sciences, economics, and marketing. Since the aim of the study is to present a set of generalisations valid for both businessmen and marketers, these observations have already been filtered and re-focused through the special lenses of a marketer businessman.

Global Warming: the Emergence of Social and Societal Marketing Worries concerning climate change emerged more than thirty years ago with natural scientists reporting on global warming and its consequences for humanity. The extreme climatic events of recent years have drawn even more attention to this process. In spite of the overall awareness of the danger, supranational bodies have failed to come to any agreement, which would have the effect of slowing down, let alone of reversing climate change.

The uncertain future of our world immediately raises the double question – What can be done, and who should do it? It would be profitable to list those who have a part to play in this very serious game, and, using a certain degree of generalisation, three parties can be named: Firstly, consumers: that is, people who have been socialised to measure and demonstrate personal and family success and happiness in their increased consumption of material goods.

Since the danger of ecological change has emerged, and since this has become the concern of civil organisations, social responsibility has also started to appear in the strategy of companies CSR. Thirdly, leaders: that is the, generally elected leaders of the population governments and other regulatory bodies , who have a dual role: regulation and persuasion.

The marketing implication of the climate change is that in the corporate strategy of the big multinational companies, sustainable development and socially responsible marketing CSR will have a dominant role. They will have no other choice since anti-globalisation movements, government pressure, consumer movements and green organisations will enforce this change. After the UNO summit on sustainable development in under the title: 3P — people, planet, prosperity global companies regard it as obligatory to deal with environmental problems.

Their efforts and results are usually published as an appendix to their financial statements. Some of these companies can even draw competitive advantage from focusing on sustainability. These companies require sustainability also from their suppliers. The positive picture is spoiled by the fact that many of these large companies have outsourced their most polluting activities to less developed countries, which decrease their own ecological footprint although the total footprint remains the same or even worsens globally.

In future years, we shall have to reckon with the activity of global companies born in the emerging countries. They will have to adapt their activities according to the norms of Corporate Social Responsibility, but what is sure is that they will not ignore those business possibilities polluting or otherwise earlier used by Western companies.

By way of summary, it is almost certain that the notions of sustainable development and social responsibility are spreading, and this is the trend which will shape marketing in the future.

The change is not revolutionary, but scientists and politicians have to welcome every incremental change. To research and manage this field is their responsibility and they should not leave it as the private hobby of a few natural scientists. The after-effects of the global recession: changing buying behaviour The global economic recession started in In and macroeconomic indicators show a certain degree of recovery – even in those countries which were hardest hit by the recession.

It is too early to say that the recession will then be completely over; pessimistic scenarios predict a possible second downturn. During the recession, companies producing consumer goods and services reported a radical change in consumer buying behaviour, even in the most advanced markets. A radical decline in per capita consumption expenditure across the demographic segments, the postponing of certain consumer investments, trading down i.

In recent years a new value consciousness has emerged as the dominant buying behaviour, i. A majority of consumers prefer saving to spending; they prefer low prices to convenience, and the trade-off between price and convenience opened the door for hard discount stores. Further, discount shopping is undergoing a democratisation process: earlier their target segment comprised students and housewives, but now even senior managers and freelancers are not embarrassed to visit them.

If it is accepted that consumer behaviour has changed in an enduring way, companies seeking success have to adapt their marketing strategies to these new trends.

Firstly, they must identify new consumer segments according to their differences in price-sensitivity, in shopping behaviour across product categories; secondly, they must adjust their product and service offers and pricing strategies; thirdly, they must address their differentiated marketing messages and promotional offers accordingly Quelch and Jotz, ; McPartlin et al, The forecasts for the next decade are alarming.

The result will be a major rise in levels of GDP per capita in the developing world. Although they still remain the main destination of outsourcing and manufacturing investments, the emerging world, with a steep increase in individual income and purchasing power, will become an increasingly attractive market opportunity. To be successful, companies planning to enter these markets must change their marketing approach from what proved effective in the West. Globalisation in this respect requires radical localisation — localisation, that is, of the product or service, of pricing, distribution and communication.

Moreover, this localisation needs a great deal of learning about the new cultural, political and geographical aspects of the environment. Dawar and Chattopadhyay, , Khanna, et al, , Tse, This necessity to understand the emerging world in detail will encourage the cultural aspect of international marketing and the international market research techniques both in academia and in practice. Demographic trends affecting the future marketing When focusing on environmental issues and on the power shift which is taking place between the advanced and emerging worlds, business and political leaders tend to overlook some very important demographic issues, issues which will top the political and business agenda in the near future.

Examining the details of this broad forecast, some striking trends can be recognised which are already appearing and which will have or already do have their effect on business and marketing activity within the next few years. A lack of space restricts this paper to dealing with only two of the several trends. The first issue is the aging demographic structure of the advanced world.

In addition, many countries – notably almost all European countries and Japan – have already reached this level UN, The second issue worth to mention is the growing proportion of economically active women i. The third billion are women. This movement, besides giving special impetus to the economy, will provide huge challenges for the marketing skills of almost every company.

The Trend of Proliferation The new world order of digitalization has brought about the fragmentation of the markets, the appearance of new market segments, the clutter of new products, new brands, new channels, new pricing points and new communication vehicles. The process is called proliferation. Proliferation is there on every front Webb, ; Court et. Due to increased competition and to the widespread availability of information, consumer needs are becoming more and more diverse.

Companies across many product categories try to react to these trends by constantly launching new products, by adding new varieties to their product lines Bayus and Putsis, Although a jumble of new, products may have company logic, it has unfavourable consequences overall for markets: firstly, consumers have difficulty in assessing brands and finding noticeable differences among them; secondly, consumers find nothing creative in most new brands and, thirdly, they consequently lose trust in these brands.

These movements end in a rapid polarisation of the market structure. There is proliferation also in communication channels, during the last 10 years and in addition to the traditional channels, the new digital media have come forward with different ways offered to companies to communicate with their customers.

Gone are the days of the marketing one-way conversation, with a company telling its customers what to think about its products and services? Today marketing has truly become, for the first time ever, a two-way conversation. Speeding up technological development This field is so comprehensive and so important that it is hard to incorporate even its main trends into this study. One thing is, however, sure: all the trends mentioned earlier are affected by technology; and, vice versa, the directions of technological development are, and will be, affected by social, economic and marketing trends.

The concept says that all industries where digital technology has a certain role will eventually come closer to each other and, when convergence is strong enough, these industries may merge into one. In other words, there is a high probability that technologies will evolve in a new innovative network, which may change the lifestyle of people, households and even companies. Conclusion To summarise the trends, it is evident that future decades will force companies to change their marketing strategies and their tactics quite radically.

The nature of these trends is that they do not appear separately, but rather in interrelation with each other, and this will make adapting business models to the changes even harder. Amine L. Aguirre, DA. Bayus, B. Chesbrough, H. Court, D. Davenport, Th, H. Dawar, N. Douglas, D. Companies can get a better return by offering products and services that improve sustainability for others, Business Week, Global Workers’ rights continue to erode — what can we do to restore them?

Global Trade unions urge gov’ts to assist crew members trapped at sea [The Gleaner] Australia It’s a challenging and uncertain time right now [PFA] We are the solution. USA Sign here! Tell Congress — Don’t cut out hospitality workers!

South Africa Harmony Gold denies claims it’s failing to protect mine workers [AfricaZilla] Australia Coronavirus pandemic won’t fix women’s pay in health [Yahoo] Canada Fiscal update’s emphasis on investments will spare Canadians further economic hardship and spur recovery [CLC] Canada It’s time for publicly funded health care to include seniors’ care [CLC] Canada Labour’s vision for the federal budget [CLC] South Africa Domestic workers pay high price for employers’ noncompliance [The Citizen] South Africa Unions fight for workers’ rights before lockdown even starts [The Citizen] South Africa Nehawu slams health department’s response to Covid second wave [Berea Mail] Zimbabwe Zimbabwe’s nurses strike over lack of virus protective gear [The Citizen] South Africa Solidarity challenges minister Motshekga’s authority to keep private schools closed [The Citizen] South Africa Sadtu calls on teachers to stay away until it’s convinced schools are safe [The Citizen] South Africa Hygiene first, then teaching can follow, teachers’ unions say [The Citizen] South Africa Nehawu threatens nationwide strike in five days’ time [The Citizen] South Africa Covid lockdown: State, police unions can’t agree on employment conditions for cops [City Press] South Africa Scramble to get to level 3: ‘We cannot compromise life for the sake of just making money’ [City Press] China After the pandemic, China’s workers take another hit from widespread flooding [CLB] Global Workers’ struggles echo around the world as pandemic spreads [CLB] Global Brands must urgently take steps to minimise impact of the coronavirus on garment workers’ health and livelihoods [CCC] For more info Global Garment workers need apparel companies’ assurance that they will be paid during this crisis [Clean Clothes Campaign] Israel Histadrut Chairman: Without proper financial aid, El Al’s workers will face a bloodbath of layoffs [Davar] Israel Between and ‘There’s just no safety net.

South Africa Education groups, unions criticise dbe’s plan to reopen schools [Eyewitness News] Global Grocery store employees are essential during coronavirus, but they’re scared [Global] Thomas transit operator’s coronavirus health and safety protocols [Global] Australia Standing up: what to do if your rights aren’t respected [HSA] South Africa Nurse’s union demands payment for nurses contracted for Covid response [Health-e] India Fighting from bottom, India’s sanitation workers are also frontline workers battling Covid [Indian Express] Australia Workers won’t accept pay cuts: union boss [Inside Retail] USA U.

Canada Don’t mess it up! Eight ways to stay healthy during reopening [CFNU] India Covid impact: PM must consult with trade unions for workers’ revival package, says labour economist [The Hindu] India Lockdown is only the beginning of misery for India’s migrant labourers [Quartz India] Canada The state of Canada’s gig economy: how workers are organizing [rabble] Somalia Education union seeks guarantee of teachers’ salaries during COVID school closures [Education international website] Madagascar An education union is bringing teachers’ grievances and suggestions to the attention of the public authorities [Education international] South Africa Unions rally behind education minister to keep schools open despite Malema’s ultimatum [Sunday World] They’re losing work and are cut out of JobKeeper [The Conversation] Canada Official unemployment numbers don’t show the true crisis for workers affected by coronavirus [The Conversation] Australia Pay cuts to keep jobs: the tertiary education union’s deal with universities explained [The Conversation] Australia Casuals court ruling: After the pandemic, it’s workers v business, as usual [The New Daily] Australia Morrison government’s labour law reforms will make a bad system worse [The New Daily] Australia Unions condemn fast-tracked changes to workers’ pay deals [The New Daily] Australia Australia Post’s coronavirus delivery cuts slammed by posties, could be scrapped early [The New Daily] India India’s Supreme Court has a class bias and it takes whatever the govt says at face value [The Print] They’re Scared [The Tyee] UK Staffordshire’s Faurecia will furlough workers following pressure from Unite [Unite the union] UK Unite to honour London’s fallen bus workers during minute’s silence and demands more protections [Unite the union] UK Public Health England is being used as a scapegoat for government’s Covid failings [Unite the union] UK Government must use BA’s retirement of fleet to bring forward aircraft scrappage scheme [Unite the union] UK Ministers urged to step in with cash boost to revive London’s economy [Unite the union] UK Oxfam jobs’ axe threatens fight against global poverty, says Unite [Unite the union] UK Carluccio’s accused of cynical wage theft during coronavirus crisis [Unite the union] UK Unite calls off final day of St Mungo’s picket lines in response to Coronavirus crisis [Unite the union] UK Call for West Yorkshire bus company to restore drivers’ terms and conditions [Unite the union] UK Chancellor’s deal a disaster for hospitality sector that is in urgent need of proper rescue package [Unite the union] UK Heathrow rejects workers’ offer to payback bonuses to help avert industrial action [Unite the union] UK Threat to 2, Marston’s jobs renews Unite’s call for hospitality support package [Unite the union] UK Bradford bus strikes off after agreement reached over drivers’ safety concerns [Unite the union] UK Jenrick urged to follow Scotland’s footsteps and extend ban on evictions for renters [Unite the union] Canada Trudeau’s daily announcement huge disappointment to transit agencies facing cuts or closures and millions of canadians who rely on public transit [ATU Canada] USA Could the pandemic wind up fixing what’s broken about work in America?

South Africa Business must accept that ensuring workers’ safety is inviolable [Business Day] Ecuador Pandemic overwhelms govt’s national response [BWI] India World’s largest lockdown triggers massive exodus of migrant workers [BWI] Senegal Union’s dialogue with company secures more protection for workers [BWI] USA United backs off plan to cut 15, workers’ hours to part-time after union files lawsuit [Chicago Tribune] Germany Germany’s sex workers demand to go back to work as coronavirus ban continues [CNBC] They’re up for everyone else [CNBC] Canada Budget snapshot is a missed opportunity to further support Canada’s vulnerable families [CTF] South Africa Mandatory vaccination at the workplace is a progressive workers’ demand [Daily Maverick] South Africa Teachers and teachers’ unions are not the enemy [Daily Maverick] Europe Covid threatens Europe’s success at fighting inequality [Economist] USA America’s labour shortages have done little to boost perks for workers [Economist] Global Covid has posed new challenges to the world’s waste-pickers: Covid has posed new challenges to the world’s waste-pickers [The Economist] Japan Teachers’ union in dialogue with government to address major challenges after country-wide school closures [EI] South Africa Union’s measures to ensure educators’ and students’ health and safety [EI] Japan Japan Teachers’ Union secures resources for safe school reopening and monitors their expenditure [EI] Global WIPO’s missed opportunity to produce guidance on copyright exceptions hits education during pandemic [EI] South Africa If you don’t want to work without a mask or gloves, go home!!!

India India’s low unemployment rate gives no reason to cheer; workers prefer to sit out of job market [FE] Healthcare Workers [Forbes] UK Leicester’s dark factories show up a diseased system [Financial Times] Alberta’s food processing workers don’t have to die for Canadians to have food: union leader [UFCW Canada] UK We need a People’s Bailout.

USA Labor leaders say SSA officials have proposed setting preconditions on employees’ use of recently enacted partial paid sick leave, potentially in violation of the law [Gov Exec] Global Trade unions urge gov’ts to assist crew members trapped at sea [The Shipping News] Canada Unions, Treasury Board in talks for public service’s return to workplace after three-month shutdown [The Hill Times] India Govt: No data on migrants’ deaths during lockdown [Hindustan Times] Croatia Why are journalists not covered in Goverment’s emergency measures?

Ireland Education minister and unions agree on Leaving Cert but no deal over schools’ return [Irish Independent] USA Instacart workers are striking during the coronavirus crisis. Here’s why it’s not like any strike you’ve ever seen [Philadelphia Inquirer] On top of the grief, it’s now a struggle to pay the bills [Phila Inquirer] Brazil Care for those who care for you!

Domestic workers’ struggles in times of pandemic crisis [Interface] South Africa Covid Unions hit out at retailers for ‘placing profits before employees’ health’ [Cape Argus] South Africa Nehawu members march to Parliament over ‘appallingly unsafe working conditions’ [Cape Argus] South Africa Fears for nursing students’ safety [Cape Times] South Africa Unions demand action over ‘unsafe’ masks [Cape Times] South Africa Many nurses will end up as patients if government doesn’t roll out the vaccine soon – Denosa [IOL] South Africa Calls mount to prioritise clothing workers’ Covid vaccinations [Weekend Argus] South Africa We don’t have enough information about vaccine rollout, says nursing union [IOL] South Africa Nehawu sticks to guns on workers’ protective gear [Pretoria News] South Africa Nehawu: Meet all our demands or we’ll withdraw our labour completely [Saturday Star] South Africa You can’t blame Nehawu members them for losing patience during Covid pandemic [Saturday Star] South Africa Unions say workers can’t be forced to take Covid shots [Sunday Independent] Ireland Teachers’ unions await public health advice on return to school [Irish Times] Ireland Covid has significantly set back women’s economic prospects, report finds [Irish Times] Here’s what happened [JSOnline] USA Businesses are reopening.

If you’re older or sick, what happens to your job? They say no one’s keeping them safe [LATimes] Colombia The agony of Colombia’s quarantined sex workers [Macau Business] Malaysia Women’s rights coalition: Drop charges against five activists arrested picketing outside Ipoh hospital [The Mail] South Africa Unions want clarity on state’s plans to support liquor industry workers [Moneyweb] Australia Patrick using false Port Botany delay claims to create community fear in effort to force through attack on workers’ rights [MUA] Australia Ruby Princess inquiry report will be fundamentally flawed due limited scope and public servants’ refusal to appear [MUA] Ghana Minister charges employers to engage unions to address workers’ concerns [myjoyonline.

Kenya Covid crisis looms over health workers’ strikes [The Nation] South Africa Teachers’ fears are real and they need a willing ear [New Frame] China Wearing a Mask? Other hospitals in the state can’t [OPB] Lebanon Poverty or virus? Lebanon’s uprising continues despite the pandemic [Opendemocracy] Russia Coronavirus could crash Russia’s already overstretched healthcare system [Opendemocracy] Global Formerly colonized people can’t breathe.

Global This pandemic shows that Gandhi’s ‘practical idealism’ is possible [Opendemocracy] Global Why don’t we take climate change seriously? Racism is the answer [Opendemocracy] South Africa Teachers’ unions welcome plan to vaccinate teachers from Wednesday [Eyewitness News] Let’s support them with hazard pay [Sacramento Bee] It’s one more threat to voting by mail [Salon] USA Don’t think you need a mask? Front-line workers beg to differ [SD Union-Trib] David Ige’s plan for public worker pay cuts gets pushback [Star Advertiser] South Africa Don’t report to school on Monday, education departments tell principals [Talk of the Town] Canada Migrant workers on farms across Canada are being told they can’t leave, raising human rights concerns [The Globe and Mail] Canada Construction unions raise spectre of shutdown as concerns over workers’ health grow [The Globe and Mail] India India’s coronavirus lockdown leaves garment workers stranded in cramped factory housing [The Globe and Mail] Canada Labour leaders say they’ll push to permanently improve pay, working conditions for essential workers [The Globe and Mail] Canada CRA workers’ union concerned seniors, vulnerable may have trouble accessing new benefits [The Globe and Mail] Australia Hundreds of Australia’s aged care residents will die of Covid because of government failure, expert warns [The Guardian] UK Wetherspoon’s short on some beers as Brexit affects deliveries [Guardian] UK Rishi Sunak’s plans for winter amount to creative destruction of Britain’s workforce [Guardian] USA Now isn’t the time to make workers in lockdown jump through hoops to get support [Guardian] Middle East ‘We’re poor people’: Middle East’s migrant workers look for way home amid pandemic [Guardian] Bangladesh Workers return to Bangladesh’s garment factories despite record Covid deaths [The Guardian] UK MoJ cleaner’s death raises concerns over lack of sick pay for workers says union [The Guardian] Malawi Coronavirus leaves Malawi’s health workers facing threats and social stigma [Guardian] USA Sex work is changing in the pandemic.

Here’s how it affects workers [Lily] Canada A study urged better standards for migrant workers’ housing. Nothing was done. That’s changed and some say we have a lot of lessons to learn about the trials they face [The Star] USA Amazon’s warehouse injury rates are so high that it faces a more costly workers’ comp classification [Verge] Australia Aviation workers demand senate inquiry into industry’s survival [TWU] Australia Government package won’t save jobs or support workers [TWU] Australia McCormack’s assistance package won’t save regional airlines or help workers [TWU] Australia Thousands more job losses predicted if Federal government doesn’t implement aviationkeeper [TWU] Canada Funding package for priorities to restart Canada’s economy reveal start of path for longer-term recovery [Unifor] UK Anger as Ryanair’s ground handler sacks workers instead of using furlough scheme [Union News] UK Unions launch inquiry as they warn Britain’s self-employed workforce is on the brink [Union News] UK Unions respond to government’s quarantine plans [Union News] UK Wrack criticises government’s coronavirus response as firefighters are drafted in to train care home staff [Union News] UK Government’s decision to relax lorry driver rules will not solve driver shortage [Unite the union] UK Unite welcomes Mayor of London’s public transport face mask decision [Unite the union] Nigeria Arik seeks Sirika’s intervention over looming aviation unions strike [Vanguard] USA Essential workers are losing their hazard pay even though the hazard isn’t over [Vox] USA Republican-led states signal they could strip workers’ unemployment benefits if they don’t return to work, sparking fresh safety fears [Wash Post] USA Biden’s vaccine rule draws both cheers and resistance from federal workers [Wash Post] South Africa Financial sector rehiring workers who refused to comply with Covid vaccination policies [Daily Maverick] South Africa Standard Bank withdraws mandatory vaccination policy [Fin 24] South Africa The end of mandatory vaccination?

Not so fast [Fin 24] USA Millions of U. Frontline Workers [Bloomberg] USA About half of healthcare workers report feeling defeated during pandemic: poll [Becker] Ireland Record 14, teachers absent from school last month due to Covid [Irish Times] Paul won’t require vaccines for restaurant workers [StarTribune] USA Health care workers are panicked as desperate hospitals ask infected staff to return [Politico] Ireland Health workers want better protective gear for Omicron surge [Irish Examiner] South Africa 50, affiliates of Popcru test positive, members die since Covid pandemic outbreak [DFA] South Africa We plead with workers to vaccinate but are against it being mandatory – Saftu [Radio ] South Africa Labor union to oppose vaccine mandates in workplace [Bloomberg] USA Republicans boost benefits for workers who quit over vaccine mandates [Guardian] South Africa Public sector unions refuse to support mandatory vaccinations [Fin24] UK Doctors and unions join bereaved families to highlight issues for Covid inquiry [Guardian] South Africa U-turn: Cosatu now backs mandatory vaccination, but other unions are still averse [Fin24] Global Global workers call for universal access to Covid vaccines, health products and technologies [IndustriALL] UK Public transport face mask rules must be fully enforced [Unite the union] Portugal Portuguese law bans employers from contacting staff out of hours [Financial Times] USA 10 states sue Biden administration over vaccine mandate for health care workers [The Hill] USA The effect of social support on work stress in health workers during the pandemic: The mediation role of resilience [Pub Med] Sets Jan.

South Africa Mandatory vaccinations for government workers being considered [BusinessTech] So far, the number is 34 [NYTimes] Ireland Back-to-work protocol updated in wake of decision to delay wide-scale office return [The Journal] UK Return to mask wearing needed on public transport as Covid rates rise [Unite the union] Ireland Workplace return in doubt as deputy CMO calls for people to keep working from home this autumn and winter if possible [Irish Independent] UK Pandemic report shows public inquiry is needed without delay [Unite the union] UK ‘This government has treated key workers atrociously.

USA Burned out frontline workers are seeking out the lesser evil in their job searches [Biz Insider] South Africa Numsa strike: ‘Our members suffered during Covid. We suffered under lockdown’ [Cape Talk ] Ireland Covid Rollout of air quality monitors to schools to be delayed until October [Irish Times] UK Teachers in difficult position over teenage Covid jab rollout, say unions [Guardian] South Africa Covid Take vaccines to school children aged 12 and older – unions [News24] USA Women and low-wage workers have borne the brunt of the pandemic [Philadelphia Inquirer] South Africa Cosatu adds its voice to mandatory vaccination debate [Health-e News] South Africa School overcrowding stokes covid [Sunday World] Ireland ‘Sardine-like crush’ won’t be facilitated: Unions hit out at full capacity return on public transport [Irish Independent] USA For workers losing unemployment benefits, jobs not always easy to come by [Boston Globe] USA Randi Weingarten leads a union of 1.

Ireland No data available on numbers of unvaccinated teachers [Irish Times] South Africa Doctors throw weight behind vaccination [News24] Ireland Government urged to allow unvaccinated pregnant teachers to work remotely [Irish Times] Ireland Ibec calls for companies to be allowed more freedom to decide how they reopen [Irish Times] USA All the major companies requiring vaccines for workers [Fortune] Biden mandate should change that [LA Illuminator] USA America’s failure to pay workers time off undermines vaccine campaign, according to surveys [Wash Post] Vietnam Workers try to flee Vietnam’s biggest city as coronavirus crisis worsens [Reuters] India Why are so many sanitation worker deaths uncounted?

David Ige announces vaccine mandate for state and county workers [Star Advertiser] For more info Kenya Get vaccines or face punishment, government orders state workers [Bloomberg] UK Unite condemns extension of lorry driving hours being relaxed [Unite the union] South Africa Sasol workers told ‘vax up or pay up’ as Fedusa calls move ‘disgusting’ [Cape Talk ] South Africa Move to reduce physical distancing in schools to less than 1m, but unions are against it [Daily Maverick] South Africa Teacher unions say they were ‘not consulted about proposed reduced social distance of 0.

South Africa Sadtu threatens legal action over proposed narrowing of social distancing at primary schools [JacarandaFM] UK More than , jobs likely to still need furlough when scheme ends in September [ntia] UK Don’t end furlough, adapt it to avoid a bleak autumn and provide longer-term support for workers [Unite the union] Economy [NYTimes] South Africa Covid Unions should push harder for teachers to get vaccinated [GroundUp] USA Medical groups call for mandatory vaccination of U.

Treasurer [Yahoo] For more info USA Doctors, nurses, medical groups call for mandatory vaccinations of health-care workers [The Hill] France Some French health workers resent, resist mandatory vaccines [AP] UK Extend furlough and work with us on working protections [Unite the union] UK Blog: Wilfully sowing the seeds of masked confusion [Unite the union] South Africa Pandemic takes its toll as healthcare workers suffer depression, fatigue and burnout [Daily Maverick] Ireland Decision due soon on large lectures at third-level in September [Irish Times] UK UK employers struggle with worst labour shortage since [Guardian] South Africa Clothing industry health care clinics secure Covid vaccination certification status [allAfrica] Ireland Pandemic compensation claim by health staff to be heard [Irish Times] UK Bridging support is crucial to avoid redundancies in the culture sector [bectu] South Africa Burnout and fatigue haunt Covid front line healthcare workers [Weekend Argus] Zimbabwe Civil servants ordered to get vaccinated or quit jobs [Pindula] South Africa Covid Sadtu calls for vaccination of teachers to be extended to other education sectors [News24] UK Ending furlough scheme too early could damage recovery, say trade unions [Guardian] South Africa Teachers and unions pleased with rollout [Sunday World] South Africa Teacher unions welcome closure of schools [Xinhua] USA Remote workers’ energy bills are rising.

Should employers reimburse them? South Africa Teacher vaccinations: Unions satisfied, continue to monitor process [News24] UK Failure to support low paid and vulnerable to isolate ‘act of gross negligence’ [Unite the union] South Africa Solidarity demands that private sector hospitals be accredited to fill gap with placements of medical interns [Solidarity] Taiwan Tech groups in Taiwan accused of locking up migrant workers [Financial Times] South Africa Fedusa welcomes vaccination drive for educators and support staff [Algoa FM] USA Hospitals across U.

USA The gap between workers and C. UK Nearly one in three disabled workers surveyed treated unfairly at work during the pandemic [TUC] South Africa Minerals Council, unions commit support to get industry employees vaccinated [Mining Weekly] South Africa Union calls on government to hire more hospital staff to prepare for third wave [The Star] South Africa Teacher unions now up in arms as their vaccination calls are ignored [Sunday World] South Africa Unions want tougher lockdown restrictions on gatherings [BusinessTech] South Africa Unions plead for teachers to be vaccinated ahead of daily classes for primary school pupils [News24] USA Prevalence and correlates of stress and burnout among U.

Mexico Doctors protest as vaccines denied to frontline health workers [Guardian] South Africa Denosa unhappy about news of nurses sent to communities to register people for vaccination [The Star]

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Need an account? Click here to sign up. Download Free PDF. A short summary of this paper. Download Download PDF. Translate PDF. Due to increase in the diseases, it has become the responsibility of hospitals and medical staff to provide the best facilities and the personal touch to the patients. The objective of this study is to find the influence of emotional labour on job satisfaction in selected public and private hospitals of Punjab.

The data was collected from nurses working in public and private hospitals. The total sample of was selected from six public hospitals and six private hospitals of Punjab. Descriptive statistics was applied to check the level of emotional labour and job satisfaction, t-test was applied for comparative study and hierarchical regression was applied to find the influence of emotional labour on job satisfaction.

Results showed that medical staff in public and private hospitals was performing emotional opm usa jobs government jobs in karnataka bankruptcy. There was a negative correlation between emotional labour and job satisfaction. There were significant differences on age, total experience, designation but no major differences were found on gender and marital status. The study concluded that the medical staff of public hospitals was less satisfied with working conditions and monetary benefits.

Emotional labour was able to explain Introduction In the present world, human resource management is playing the important role in the progress of the organizations. Human resources are the most precious asset for these organizations as they have the capacity to rule the world. The most important feature of the human which separates him from the other living creatures is his ability to rational thinking and his emotions.

Organisations demand the display of the required emotions of the job always and under all conditions of their employees. This situation might affect the employees in the negative way.

The long working hours and the display of emotions lead to conflict in the family when the work interferes in the family life. Therefore, this empirical study is conducted to check the influence of emotional labour on job satisfaction. Conceptual Framework 2. In this book he has talked about jobs where emotional labour is critically required. Emotional labour is the control of the behavior to display the appropriate emotions. Emotional labour is not only confined to the workplace, but it is also present in everyday life.

James, 2 found that emotional labour is intended to highlight the similarities as well as differences between emotional and physical labour, with both being hard, skilled work requiring experience, affected by immediate conditions, external controls and subject to divisions of labour.

Emotional labour is a stressful job as Larson 5 found that female community college professors perform emotional labour. Female teachers spent more time nurturing and caring for their students by listening empathetically to their problems but it was their bad luck that it was overlooked, not seen as a work and female workers were not compensated for their valuable emotional labour. Kumar et al. There are many professions and jobs that call for the employees to rely on emotional labor. They are doctors, nurses and hospital staff, waitresses and hospitality professionals, counselors and therapists, psychologists, opm usa jobs government jobs in karnataka bankruptcy, receptionists and air-hostesses.

Hwa et al. They discussed the concept, consequences and importance of emotional labour for organisations. Gupta and Mishra 8 suggested that services involving direct interactions with customers require employees to manage their emotions during service encounters.

Emotional labour has been posed as the management of emotional displays at work. He emphasized that workers can be satisfied with work if they get higher economic benefit from their job. The term job satisfaction was brought to limelight by Hoppock 9 If a person is dissatisfied with their work, this could lead to dissatisfaction in other areas of their life. Sowmya and Panchanatham 11 studied job satisfaction of employees in select private sector and select public sector banks.

Адрес страницы was found that these factors affects job satisfaction and if less job satisfaction is not cared for then it would automatically lead to job dissatisfaction and therefore it would opm usa jobs government jobs in karnataka bankruptcy to negligent behavior and turnover of employees.

Kaur et al. This could affect patient care and reduced quality of care. Madaan 13 identified the demographic determinants of job satisfaction and the areas, which served as a potent satisfiers and dissatisfies in a doctor’s job.

Doctors derived satisfaction from their work, but were not very happy with their work environment. The employees who are engaged in the emotional labour have job dissatisfaction from those who are not doing the emotional labour. Surface acting is negatively correlated with the job satisfaction while as deep acting is positively correlated with the job satisfaction.

Wharton 14 found that emotional labour actually enhanced job satisfaction. The relationship between emotional labour and job outcomes appears to be further complicated by the interaction of emotional labour with other work conditions such as job autonomy, job involvement, self-monitoring, and organizational identification.

Pugliesi15 found an independent effect of job conditions and emotional labour on job strain, job satisfaction, and psychological distress. Saiden 17 conducted research on employees working at an outbound call centre in a retail organisation in the Western Cape. The results indicated that there was a significant relationship between emotional labour and intention to leave the organisation. Need of the Study Due to the technology advancement and global competition the electronic gadgets, mobiles, air and water pollutions have increased the diseases like cancer, Hepatitis A, B, C, AIDS, brain hemrage, strokes etc.

Doctors, nurses are doing the hard jobs in the hospitals to meet the requirements of the patients. Hospital sector has been chosen for the study as medical staff give the new life to the patients. To meet all these requirements of the society the doctors, nurses, paramedical staff go through the process opm usa jobs government jobs in karnataka bankruptcy emotional labour to conceal their real feelings to deliver the best possible services in hospital sector.

Doing opm usa jobs government jobs in karnataka bankruptcy emotional labour at the work the doctors, nurses and paramedical staff have to undergo through emotional exhaustion which leads to conflicts and home and this vicious circle starts developing syndrome of burnout and job dissatisfaction.

In the present study, the researcher is to learn whether there is any influence of emotional labour on job satisfactions. This study is an attempt to provide insights to manage emotions and improve job satisfaction.

Objectives of the Study The main objectives of the study are as follows: 1. To study the level of emotional labour and job satisfaction of nurses in selected public and private hospitals of Punjab.

To examine the relationship of emotional labour and job satisfaction with demographic variables of nurses opm usa jobs government jobs in karnataka bankruptcy status, age, experience in selected public and private hospitals of Punjab.

To find out the influence of emotional labour on job satisfaction of nurses in selected public and private hospitals of Punjab. Hypothesis of the Study H1a There is no significant difference in the level of emotional labour and job satisfaction of nurses in selected public and private hospitals of Punjab. H2a There is no difference in emotional labour and job satisfaction for married and unmarried nurses of selected public and private hospitals of Punjab.

H2c There is no difference in emotional labour and job satisfaction among different age groups of nurses in selected public and private hospitals of Punjab.

H2d There is no difference in emotional labour and job satisfaction opm usa jobs government jobs in karnataka bankruptcy different experience levels of nurses in selected public and private hospitals of Punjab. H3 There is no significant influence of emotional labour on job satisfaction among the nurses in selected public and private hospitals of Punjab. Research Methodology 6. This study is covering two dimensions i.

Emotional labour comprises four dimensions surface acting, deep acting, emotional consonance and suppression and job satisfaction comprises five dimensions personal, working conditions, social status, administration, monetary benefits.

In addition, demographic variables age, gender, marital status, designation, and total work experience have been examined. The total population is nurses of six public and six private hospitals in Punjab with bed capacity or more than beds. In the sample, nurses are from public hospitals from private hospitals.

Section-B: Emotional labour questionnaire, Job satisfaction questionnaire. The scale is a multidimensional scale consisting subscales surface acting, deep acing, emotional consonance and suppression. Responses are obtained on five point Likert scale. The reliability of the scale was. Job satisfaction was developed by S. Anand and P. This как сообщается здесь was named as Placement Scale which consists of 60 items.

It measures the job satisfaction of teachers, lecturers, engineers, doctors and bank officers. The scale has five dimensions personal, working conditions, social status, administration and monetary benefits. The responses are taken on five point Likert scale. The reliability of job satisfaction scale was.

Results and Discussion This section presents the frequency distributions of demographic opm usa jobs government jobs in karnataka bankruptcy of nurses of opm usa jobs government jobs in karnataka bankruptcy. Table 1: Demographic Variables Hospital-wise Groups Public Private Total 70 52 Age 38 37 75 16 14 30 45 and above 23 20 43 Total Unmarried Marital Status Married 94 Total 5. Also shown are inter-correlations between emotional labour, opm usa jobs government jobs in karnataka bankruptcy four strain outcomes surface acting ,deep acting, emotional consonance ,suppression and job satisfaction personal, working conditions, social status, administration and monetary benefits.

Significant positive associations were observed between surface acting and other dimensions of emotional labour. Correlation of surface acting with deep acting is. The correlation between surface acting and deep acting and emotional consonance is negative which proves that when the person is doing surface acting then he is just pretending to show the required emotions to the patients, sympathizing with the patient and his relatives but he is not actually feeling them that is the reason that the opm usa jobs government jobs in karnataka bankruptcy of deep acting are negatively related with surface acting.

Similarly the suppression is positively correlated with surface acting because while doing the surface acting one has to suppress the emotions that are not appropriate to the situation.